Dix thèmes majeurs pour les administrateurs en 2016 | Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance


Vous trouverez, ci-dessous, les dix thèmes les plus importants pour les administrateurs de sociétés selon Kerry E. Berchem, associé du groupe de pratiques corporatives à la firme Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP. Cet article est paru aujourd’hui sur le blogue le Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance.

Bien qu’il y ait peu de changements dans l’ensemble des priorités cette année, on peut quand même noter :

(1) l’accent crucial accordé au long terme ;

(2) Une bonne gestion des relations avec les actionnaires dans la foulée du nombre croissant d’activités menées par les activistes ;

(3) Une supervision accrue des activités liées à la cybersécurité…

Pour plus de détails sur chaque thème, je vous propose la lecture synthèse de l’article ci-dessous.

Bonne lecture !

 

Ten Topics for Directors in 2016 |   Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance

 

U.S. public companies face a host of challenges as they enter 2016. Here is our annual list of hot topics for the boardroom in the coming year:

  1. Oversee the development of long-term corporate strategy in an increasingly interdependent and volatile world economy
  2. Cultivate shareholder relations and assess company vulnerabilities as activist investors target more companies with increasing success
  3. Oversee cybersecurity as the landscape becomes more developed and cyber risk tops director concerns
  4. Oversee risk management, including the identification and assessment of new and emerging risks
  5. Assess the impact of social media on the company’s business plans
  6. Stay abreast of Delaware law developments and other trends in M&A
  7. Review and refresh board composition and ensure appropriate succession
  8. Monitor developments that could impact the audit committee’s already heavy workload
  9. Set appropriate executive compensation as CEO pay ratios and income inequality continue to make headlines
  10. Prepare for and monitor developments in proxy access

Strategic Planning Considerations

Strategic planning continues to be a high priority for directors and one to which they want to devote more time. Figuring out where the company wants to—and where it should want to—go and how to get there is not getting any easier, particularly as companies find themselves buffeted by macroeconomic and geopolitical events over which they have no control.

axes

In addition to economic and geopolitical uncertainty, a few other challenges and considerations for boards to keep in mind as they strategize for 2016 and beyond include:

finding ways to drive top-line growth

focusing on long-term goals and enhancing long-term shareholder value in the face of mounting pressures to deliver short-term results

the effect of low oil and gas prices

figuring out whether and when to deploy growing cash stockpiles

assessing the opportunities and risks of climate change and resource scarcity

addressing corporate social responsibility.

Shareholder Activism

Shareholder activism and “suggestivism” continue to gain traction. With the success that activists have experienced throughout 2015, coupled with significant new money being allocated to activist funds, there is no question that activism will remain strong in 2016.

In the first half of 2015, more than 200 U.S. companies were publicly subjected to activist demands, and approximately two-thirds of these demands were successful, at least in part. [1] A much greater number of companies are actually targeted by activism, as activists report that less than a third of their campaigns actually become public knowledge. [2] Demands have continued, and will continue, to vary: from requests for board representation, the removal of officers and directors, launching a hostile bid, advocating specific business strategies and/or opining on the merit of M&A transactions. But one thing is clear: the demands are being heard. According to a recent survey of more than 350 mutual fund managers, half had been contacted by an activist in the past year, and 45 percent of those contacted decided to support the activist. [3]

With the threat of activism in the air, boards need to cultivate shareholder relations and assess company vulnerabilities. Directors—who are charged with overseeing the long-term goals of their companies—must also understand how activists may look at the company’s strategy and short-term results. They must understand what tactics and tools activists have available to them. They need to know and understand what defenses the company has in place and whether to adopt other protective measures for the benefit of the overall organization and stakeholders.

Cybersecurity

Nearly 90 percent of CEOs worry that cyber threats could adversely impact growth prospects. [4] Yet in a recent survey, nearly 80 percent of the more than 1,000 information technology leaders surveyed had not briefed their board of directors on cybersecurity in the last 12 months. [5] The cybersecurity landscape has become more developed and as such, companies and their directors will likely face stricter scrutiny of their protection against cyber risk. Cyber risk—and the ultimate fall out of a data breach—should be of paramount concern to directors.

One of the biggest concerns facing boards is how to provide effective oversight of cybersecurity. The following are questions that boards should be asking:

Governance. Has the board established a cybersecurity review > committee and determined clear lines of reporting and > responsibility for cyber issues? Does the board have directors with the necessary expertise to understand cybersecurity and related issues?

Critical asset review. Has the company identified what its highest cyber risks assets are (e.g., intellectual property, personal information and trade secrets)? Are sufficient resources allocated to protect these assets?

Threat assessment. What is the daily/weekly/monthly threat report for the company? What are the current gaps and how are they being resolved?

Incident response preparedness. Does the company have an incident response plan and has it been tested in the past six months? Has the company established contracts via outside counsel with forensic investigators in the event of a breach to facilitate quick response and privilege protection?

Employee training. What training is provided to employees to help them identify common risk areas for cyber threat?

Third-party management. What are the company’s practices with respect to third parties? What are the procedures for issuing credentials? Are access rights limited and backdoors to key data entry points restricted? Has the company conducted cyber due diligence for any acquired companies? Do the third-party contracts contain proper data breach notification, audit rights, indemnification and other provisions?

Insurance. Does the company have specific cyber insurance and does it have sufficient limits and coverage?

Risk disclosure. Has the company updated its cyber risk disclosures in SEC filings or other investor disclosures to reflect key incidents and specific risks?

The SEC and other government agencies have made clear that it is their expectation that boards actively manage cyber risk at an enterprise level. Given the complexity of the cybersecurity inquiry, boards should seriously consider conducting an annual third-party risk assessment to review current practices and risks.

Risk Management

Risk management goes hand in hand with strategic planning—it is impossible to make informed decisions about a company’s strategic direction without a comprehensive understanding of the risks involved. An increasingly interconnected world continues to spawn newer and more complex risks that challenge even the best-managed companies. How boards respond to these risks is critical, particularly with the increased scrutiny being placed on boards by regulators, shareholders and the media. In a recent survey, directors and general counsel identified IT/cybersecurity as their number one worry, and they also expressed increasing concern about corporate reputation and crisis preparedness. [6]

Given the wide spectrum of risks that most companies face, it is critical that boards evaluate the manner in which they oversee risk management. Most companies delegate primary oversight responsibility for risk management to the audit committee. Of course, audit committees are already burdened with a host of other responsibilities that have increased substantially over the years. According to Spencer Stuart’s 2015 Board Index, 12 percent of boards now have a stand-alone risk committee, up from 9 percent last year. Even if primary oversight for monitoring risk management is delegated to one or more committees, the entire board needs to remain engaged in the risk management process and be informed of material risks that can affect the company’s strategic plans. Also, if primary oversight responsibility for particular risks is assigned to different committees, collaboration among the committees is essential to ensure a complete and consistent approach to risk management oversight.

Social Media

Companies that ignore the significant influence that social media has on existing and potential customers, employees and investors, do so at their own peril. Ubiquitous connectivity has profound implications for businesses. In addition to understanding and encouraging changes in customer relationships via social media, directors need to understand and weigh the risks created by social media. According to a recent survey, 91 percent of directors and 79 percent of general counsel surveyed acknowledged that they do not have a thorough understanding of the social media risks that their companies face. [7]

As part of its oversight duties, the board of directors must ensure that management is thoughtfully addressing the strategic opportunities and challenges posed by the explosive growth of social media by probing management’s knowledge, plans and budget decisions regarding these developments. Given new technology and new social media forums that continue to arise, this is a topic that must be revisited regularly.

M&A Developments

M&A activity has been robust in 2015 and is on track for another record year. According to Thomson Reuters, global M&A activity exceeded $3.2 trillion with almost 32,000 deals during the first three quarters of 2015, representing a 32 percent increase in deal value and a 2 percent increase in deal volume compared to the same period last year. The record deal value mainly results from the increase in mega-deals over $10 billion, which represented 36 percent of the announced deal value. While there are some signs of a slowdown in certain regions based on deal volume in recent quarters, global M&A is expected to carry on its strong pace in the beginning of 2016.

Directors must prepare for possible M&A activity in the future by keeping abreast of developments in Delaware case law and other trends in M&A. The Delaware courts churned out several noteworthy decisions in 2015 regarding M&A transactions that should be of interest to directors, including decisions on the court’s standard of review of board actions, exculpation provisions, appraisal cases and disclosure-only settlements.

Board Composition and Succession Planning

Boards have to look at their composition and make an honest assessment of whether they collectively have the necessary experience and expertise to oversee the new opportunities and challenges facing their companies. Finding the right mix of people to serve on a company’s board of directors, however, is not necessarily an easy task, and not everyone will agree with what is “right.” According to Spencer Stuart’s 2015 Board Index, board composition and refreshment and director tenure were among the top issues that shareholders raised with boards. Because any perceived weakness in a director’s qualification could open the door for activist shareholders, boards should endeavor to have an optimal mix of experience, skills and diversity. In light of the importance placed on board composition, it is critical that boards have a long-term board succession plan in place. Boards that are proactive with their succession planning are able to find better candidates and respond faster and more effectively when an activist approaches or an unforeseen vacancy occurs.

Audit Committees

Averaging 8.8 meetings a year, audit continues to be the most time-consuming committee. [8] Audit committees are burdened not only with overseeing a company’s risks, but also a host of other responsibilities that have increased substantially over the years. Prioritizing an audit committee’s already heavy workload and keeping directors apprised of relevant developments, including enhanced audit committee disclosures, accounting changes and enhanced SEC scrutiny will be important as companies prepare for 2016.

Executive Compensation

Perennially in the spotlight, executive compensation will continue to be a hot topic for directors in 2016. But this year, due to the SEC’s active rulemaking in 2015, directors will have more to fret about than just say-on-pay. Roughly five years after the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was enacted, the SEC finally adopted the much anticipated CEO pay ratio disclosure rules, which have already begun stirring the debate on income inequality and exorbitant CEO pay. The SEC also made headway on other Dodd-Frank regulations, including proposed rules on pay-for-performance, clawbacks and hedging disclosures. Directors need to start planning how they will comply with these rules as they craft executive compensation for 2016.

Proxy Access

2015 was a turning point for shareholder proposals seeking to implement proxy access, which gives certain shareholders the ability to nominate directors and include those nominees in a company’s proxy materials. During the 2015 proxy season, the number of shareholder proposals relating to proxy access, as well as the overall shareholder support for such proposals, increased significantly. Indeed, approximately 110 companies received proposals requesting the board to amend the company’s bylaws to allow for proxy access, and of those proposals that went to a vote, the average support was close to 54 percent of votes cast in favor, with 52 proposals receiving majority support. [9] New York City Comptroller Scott Springer and his 2015 Boardroom Accountability Project were a driving force, submitting 75 proxy access proposals at companies targeted for perceived excessive executive compensation, climate change issues and lack of board diversity. Shareholder campaigns for proxy access are expected to continue in 2016. Accordingly, it is paramount that boards prepare for and monitor developments in proxy access, including, understanding the provisions that are emerging as typical, as well as the role of institutional investors and proxy advisory firms.

The complete publication is available here.

Endnotes:

[1] Activist Insight, “2015: The First Half in Numbers,” Activism Monthly (July 2015).
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[2] Activist Insight, “Activist Investing—An Annual Review of Trends in Shareholder Activism,” p. 8. (2015).
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[3] David Benoit and Kirsten Grind, “Activist Investors’ Secret Ally: Big Mutual Funds,” The Wall Street Journal (August 9, 2015).
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[4] PwC’s 18th Annual Global CEO Survey 2015.
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[5] Ponemon Institute’s 2015 Global Megatrends in Cybersecurity (February 2015).
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[6] Kimberley S. Crowe, “Law in the Boardroom 2015,” Corporate Board Member Magazine (2nd Quarter 2015). See also, Protiviti, “Executive Perspectives on Top Risks for 2015.”
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[7] Kimberley S. Crowe, supra.
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[8] 2015 Spencer Stuart Board Index, at p. 26.
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[9] Georgeson, 2015 Annual Corporate Governance Review, at p. 5.
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Approches stratégiques dans la composition des CA | Ethical Boardroom


Voici le numéro de Ethical Boardroom dans lequel Johanne Bouchard* a publié un article en anglais qui a été traduit en français à Québec. Je suis assuré que vous trouverez un intérêt à lire son article.

Vous trouverez, ci-dessous, quelques phrases de son introduction : « Les paramètres utilisés pour évaluer l’efficacité des conseils doivent évoluer vers de nouvelles normes. Lorsqu’il s’agit de sélectionner les administrateurs qui formeront le conseil, une approche stratégique longuement réfléchie est essentielle afin d’assurer une saine coopération dans l’exercice de leurs pouvoirs fiduciaires.

Les investisseurs dans les entreprises et dans les sociétés s’intéressent de plus en plus à la composition de conseils d’administration. Les sociétés sont invitées à réviser et à améliorer la publication de leurs états financiers afin de s’assurer que les compétences des administrateurs sont directement liées aux stratégies et aux risques inhérents à l’entreprise et que l’approche du conseil quant à la diversité et à la planification de la relève est transparente.

À titre de consultante auprès des cadres et des conseils, j’ai eu le rare et merveilleux privilège de voir ce qui se passe derrière les portes fermées de plusieurs conseils et de plusieurs équipes de direction autour du monde ».

Today’s business ecosystem is fraught with complexities and variables that contribute to greater risk exposure and liabilities for boards. Strategic planning and time-to-market cycles continue to shrink. Stakeholders’ expectations are changing rapidly. Boards must be swiftly decisive and responsive, provide zealous oversight and corroborate with management for strategic long-term value.”

This is the starting point for my article for Ethical Boardroom‘s Autumn 2015 issue, “Strategic Approaches to Board Composition.” Its focus is the creation and implementation of a strategic and sustainable approach to board composition, especially when boards are being refreshed.

 

Je vous invite à télécharger la version française de l’article ci-dessous

 

johanne bouchsrd ethical boardroom

 

Français
2015-11-11_Couverture7 300
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*Johanne Bouchard est consultante auprès de conseils d’administration, de chefs de la direction et de comités de direction. Johanne a développé une expertise au niveau de la dynamique et la de composition d’un conseil d’administration. Après l’obtention de son diplôme d’ingénieure en informatique, sa carrière l’a menée à œuvrer dans tous les domaines du secteur de la technologie, du marketing et de la stratégie à l’échelle mondiale.

Recommandations concernant les politiques de gouvernance à respecter en matière de votation | UK


 

 

L’Association Pensions and Lifetime Savings du Royaume-Uni (UK) vient de produire son document de recommandations concernant les politiques de gouvernance à respecter en matière de votation.

Ce document fait état des meilleures pratiques contemporaines de gouvernance. Le but recherché est de promouvoir le succès à long terme des compagnies dans lesquelles les membres de l’association investissent, et de s’assurer que le conseil et la direction des entreprises concernées sont redevables envers les actionnaires.

Le document (PDF), dont il est question ici, présente un résumé très complet des principes de gouvernance à respecter, notamment en rappelant les principes de gouvernance du code UK et en présentant différentes recommandations eu égard au leadership, à l’efficacité, à l’imputabilité, à la rémunération et aux relations avec les actionnaires. Le document présente ensuite un ensemble de résolutions concernant les recommandations de votation.

Je vous invite à prendre connaissance de ce document de 46 pages. De plus, le document indique les coordonnées des sites Internet les plus pertinents* :

Corporate Governance Policy and Voting Guidelines

 

 

Corporate governance is about ensuring that appropriate structures and individuals are in place in order to enable effective, entrepreneurial and prudent management, in turn delivering sustainable business success. It is not a matter of box ticking or compliance; indeed a compliance mind-set can undermine good corporate governance.

As articulated within the 2014 UK Corporate Governance Code (the « Code »), corporate governance is in essence about « what the board of a company does and how it sets the values of the company ». An effective board is therefore crucial and should be composed of a diverse grouping of directors each of whom is committed to contributing to the governance and long-term success of the company.

Truly effective corporate governance is reliant upon a company’s willingness to engage with the spirit of the Code rather than simply about compliance with its Principles. In parallel it is equally important that investors play their part and take their responsibilities seriously, monitoring, engaging with and ultimately holding accountable those individuals whom they have elected to the board.

Assessments of corporate governance should be formed through the lens of directors’ duties as set out in the Companies Act 2006. To restate, these include, in particular, the duty to promote the success of the company, while having regard to, amongst other things, the likely consequences of any decision in the long term; the interests of its employees; its need to foster the business relationships with customers and suppliers; the impact of its operations on the communities and environment and its desire to maintain a reputation for high standards of business conduct. As such a proactive and effective board should provide the framework for discussing, managing and driving the long-term sustainability of the company.

Boards should endeavour actively to consider how the company’s strategy, governance arrangements, performance and prospects, in the context of its external environment, lead to the creation of value in the short, medium and ultimately long term.

Building a sustainable business model should be central to the business strategy. We expect boards to explain to shareholders how they approach overseeing and managing the risks to their sustainability. In turn shareholders may well form judgments on the management of these issues which will inform their understanding of the effectiveness of the board oversight and so guide their approach to resolutions at the AGM.

Pensions-Tax-800x500_cThe Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association’s Corporate Governance Policy & Voting Guidelines endeavour to build on the above context while remaining firmly rooted in the provisions of the Code and the underlying principles of all good corporate governance, namely, accountability, alignment, transparency and integrity.

The Guidelines aim to assist investors and their proxy voting agents in their interpretation of the provisions of the Code and in forming judgements on the resolutions presented to shareholders at a company’s AGM. While it is particularly focussed on what voting sanctions may be applied at a company meeting, a decision to vote against management should only be taken after proper consideration of the company’s explanation for non-compliance, in the light of the particular circumstances at that company and ideally after engagement.

The Association recognises that the success of the Code relies to a large part upon investors acknowledging and assuming their own stewardship responsibilities. To that end, we are firm supporters of the Stewardship Code and the mind-set that underlies it – in particular that companies with engaged shareholders will perform better over the long run.

We recognise the important role that investors play in making sure that companies genuinely feel there to be scope for explanations as well as compliance with the strictures of the Code. Where the views of boards and their shareholders differ on matters of corporate governance, it is to be hoped that constructive discussion will follow, albeit that ultimately shareholders will exercise their rights as owners to do what they see as necessary to protect their interests.

We encourage companies to make efforts to identify their long-term investors – those investing with long-term objectives rather than those involved in short-term trading – to enable regular and strategic dialogue with a critical mass of engaged investors. Equally, it is important that investors are open to engagement on the full range of substantive matters. – 5 –

The Association for its part will continue to facilitate active engagement between issuers and pension fund investors in order to discuss substantive matters of concern or company-specific issues. Among other steps, we look to initiate a proactive set of engagement dialogues for our members with relevant companies where we believe long-term value may be at stake.

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*Coordonnées des sites Internet les plus pertinents :

Représentation des femmes au sein des conseils d’administration au Québec


Vous trouverez, ci-dessous, les résultats d’une étude de la Chaire de recherche en gouvernance de sociétés portant sur la représentation des femmes au sein des conseils d’administration de sociétés ciblées par la Table des partenaires influents.

Voici, dans un premier temps, une brève mise en contexte de la création de la Table des partenaires influents (que l’on retrouve sur le site de la Chaire)

 

Impression

Mise en contexte

Dans son Plan d’action gouvernemental pour l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes 2011 2015, le Secrétariat à la condition féminine (Secrétariat) prévoyait, à la mesure 91, de faire la promotion de la parité dans les conseils d’administration des grandes entreprises privées. C’est dans ce contexte que la Table des partenaires influents a été créée et a eu pour mandat de proposer des moyens concrets pour augmenter le nombre de femmes dans la haute direction et les conseils d’administration des sociétés cotées, de promouvoir l’objectif fixé et de susciter l’adhésion à celui-ci.

La Table était coprésidée par Mme Monique Jérôme-Forget, ancienne ministre des Finances et ancienne présidente du Conseil du trésor du Québec, et par M. Guy Saint-Pierre, ancien président et chef de la direction du Groupe SNC Lavalin inc. et ancien président du conseil d’administration de la Banque Royale du Canada. Les autres membres étaient :

M. Yvon Charest, président et chef de la direction, Industrielle Alliance, Assurance et Services financiers inc.

Mme Jacynthe Côté, chef de la direction, Rio Tinto Alcan

Mme Paule Gauthier, avocate spécialisée en médiation et arbitrage, Stein Monast

Mme Isabelle Hudon, présidente, Financière Sun Life, Québec

M. Hubert T. Lacroix, président-directeur général, CBC/Radio-Canada

Mme Monique Leroux, présidente et chef de la direction, Mouvement Desjardins

Sociétés visées

Les sociétés cotées en Bourse ayant leur siège social au Québec, ainsi que celles qui y ont des activités commerciales significatives.

Recommandations

Dans sa stratégie d’action annoncée le 19 avril 2013 la Table des partenaires influents (la Table) recommandait :

Que les entreprises privées cotées en Bourse prennent un engagement volontaire afin d’augmenter le nombre de femmes dans leur conseil d’administration et au sein de leur haute direction et en fassent la divulgation dans leur circulaire de direction. La Table recommandait aux sociétés une zone de parité de représentation des deux genres allant de 40 % à 60 %.

Quant aux délais, la Table suggérait de s’inspirer des cibles suivantes : 20 % des postes occupés par des femmes d’ici 2018, 30 % en 2023 et 40 % en 2028. Pour ce faire, la Table recommandait :

que le Secrétariat s’assure de la constitution et de la publication d’un tableau annuel faisant état de la représentation des femmes dans les conseils d’administration de 60 sociétés cotées en Bourse

la diffusion des engagements volontaires pris par ces sociétés cotées en Bourse en cours d’années

la collecte et la présentation des données relatives aux initiatives prises, aux ressources investies et aux obstacles rencontrés par des sociétés cotées en Bourse pour servir de modèles aux autres entreprises

 

En réponse à ces recommandations de la Table, le Secrétariat a confié un mandat au titulaire de la Chaire de recherche en gouvernance de sociétés, le professeur Jean Bédard, et à la titulaire de la Chaire de leadership en enseignement – Femmes et Organisations, la professeure Sophie Brière.

Vous trouverez, ci-dessous, le rapport de la Chaire de recherche en gouvernance de sociétés :

Représentation des femmes au sein des conseils d’administration des sociétés

 

Bonne lecture !

Rôle du conseil d’administration dans une entreprise familiale | En reprise


La gestion des entreprises familiales est un sujet qui concerne un grand nombre d’organisations, souvent très petites mais qui ont néanmoins besoin d’une certaine configuration de gouvernance.

L’article de Dan Ryan, président des pratiques réglementaires à PricewaterhouseCoopers, est basé sur une publication de PwC. 

On y présente un modèle de gouvernance qui reflète l’évolution des entreprises familiales ainsi que les nombreux avantages à se doter des mécanismes de gouvernance appropriés.

Également, l’article décrit les principales réticences des entrepreneurs et des fondateurs à aller de l’avant; l’auteur tente d’apporter des réponses concrètes aux préoccupations des propriétaires-dirigeants.

Enfin, l’article aborde les attentes que les entreprises doivent avoir eu égard à la mise en place d’un conseil d’administration.

Je vous invite donc à prendre connaissance de l’extrait ci-dessous et de poursuivre la lecture complète de l’article en cliquant sur le lien suivant :

What Is a Board’s Role in a Family Business?

Individual- and family-owned businesses are a vital part of our economy. If you or your family owns such a company you understand how important the company’s success is to your personal wealth and to future generations. If you’re a nonfamily executive at a family company, you also recognize that its profitability and resilience is vital to your job security and financial well-being.

We see more family companies interested in corporate governance today than we did a decade ago, as shown in changes they’ve made to their boards. While some family companies have a board only to satisfy legal compliance requirements, more are moving toward the outer rings on the family business corporate governance model, below. Ultimately, owners will choose which level best suits the company’s needs and when changing circumstances mean the company’s governance should transition to another ring.

 

Family Business Corporate Governance Model*

 

Compliance board. While most states require companies incorporated in the state to have a board, the requirement may be as simple as a board of at least one person that meets at least once per year. A company may have only the founder on its board. In the early stages of a founder-led company, this type of board may well be the best fit for the company, since the founder is usually more focused on building the business than on governance.

Insider board. Such a board often includes family members and members of senior management. This membership can better involve the family in the business, help with succession planning, and introduce additional perspectives to board discussions. The insider board may be created by the founder—who may no longer be the CEO—or by the next generation owner(s) of the company. That said, the founder/owner(s) retain decision-making authority.

Inner circle board. In this type of board the founder/owner adds directors he or she knows well. These may include an accountant, lawyer, or other business professional that guided or influenced the company, or the founder’s close friends. These directors may bring skills or experience to the board that are otherwise missing and may be in a position to challenge the founder/owner(s) in a positive way. Such boards might create an audit committee or other committees. That said, the founder/owner(s)—who may or may not be the CEO—retains decision-making authority.

Quasi-independent board. This level introduces outside/independent directors who have no employment or other tie to the company apart from their role as a director. (See the Family Business Corporate Governance Series module Building or renewing your board for a more complete discussion of independent/outside directors.) These directors introduce objectivity and accountability to the board and they expect their input to be respected. Board processes and policies will likely become more formalized with outside/independent directors on the board. The number of committees may increase. This outermost ring on the family business corporate governance model is most similar to governance at a public company.

 

59% of CEOs and CFOs of 147 family-owned/owner-operated companies report having a “formal board of directors that acts on behalf of company owners to oversee the business and management,” per a PwC 2013 survey.

 

We recognize that governance at any family company will be determined almost exclusively by what the founder (or family members who control the company) wants. You may have a compliance board or an inner circle board—and those may be entirely appropriate for where your company is at present. We’ve seen numerous family companies that benefited greatly from moving toward the outer rings in the governance model—especially when anticipating a generational transition.

In this post, we’ll help you understand how to build an effective board for your family company, and how boards can assist with some of the particularly challenging issues family companies face. This first module discusses why you might want to evolve or change your governance model and what you could expect from a board if you do so.

Each family company’s situation is unique and we can’t address every scenario. Our goal is to provide a framework of how corporate governance practices apply to family companies so you can decide what’s best for you.

___________________________________________

* Some companies also have an Advisory Board to advise management (and directors). Advisory Board members don’t vote or have fiduciary responsibilities.

…..

Séparation des fonctions de président du conseil (PCA) et de chef de la direction (PCD) : Un retour sur un grand classique !


Voici le un billet présenté par le professeur Ivan Tchotourian de la Faculté de droit de l’Université Laval, élaboré dans le cadre de son cours de maîtrise Gouvernance de l’entreprise.

Dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche, il a été proposé aux étudiants non seulement de mener des travaux sur des sujets qui font l’actualité en gouvernance de l’entreprise, mais encore d’utiliser un format original permettant la diffusion des résultats. Le présent billet expose le résultat des recherches menées par Nadia Abida, Arnaud Grospeillet, Thomas Medjir et Nathalie Robitaille.

Ce travail revient sur les arguments échangés concernant la dissociation des fonctions de président du conseil d’administration et de chef de la direction. Ce billet alimente la discussion en faisant une revue comparative des normes et des éléments juridiques, et en présentant les dernières statistiques en ce domaine.

Le papier initial des étudiants a été retravaillé par Nadia Abida afin qu’il correspondre au style du blogue .

« Je vous en souhaite bonne lecture et suis certain que vous prendrez autant de plaisir à le lire que j’ai pu en prendre à le corriger. Merci encore à Jacques de permettre la diffusion de ce travail et d’offrir ainsi la chance à des étudiants de contribuer aux riches discussions dont la gouvernance d’entreprise est l’objet ».  (Ivan Tchotourian)

Bonne lecture ! Vos commentaires et vos points de vue sont les bienvenus.

 

Séparation des fonctions de président du conseil et de chef de la direction : retour sur un grand classique

 

Nadia Abida, Arnaud Grospeillet, Thomas Medjir, Nathalie Robitaille

Anciens étudiants du cours DRT-6056 Gouvernance de l’entreprise

 

La séparation entre les fonctions de président du conseil d’administration (CA) et du chef de la direction est l’un des facteurs incontournables de l’indépendance des administrateurs. Cette dernière est un indicateur de pratique de bonne gouvernance d’entreprise. Cependant, et malgré l’importance avérée de la séparation des deux fonctions, nombre d’entreprises continuent à en pratiquer le cumul. Les arguments foisonnent de part et d’autre, et ne s’accordent pas sur la nécessité de cette séparation.

P1120057

Un retour sur une proposition d’actionnaires de la banque JP Morgan démontre la nécessité de ne pas laisser ce sujet sans réflexions. Cette proposition en faveur d’une séparation des fonctions a été émise à la suite d’une divulgation par la société d’une perte s’élevant à 2 milliards de dollars… perte essuyée sous la responsabilité de son PDG actuel [1].

Ce n’est un secret pour personne que cette société a un passif lourd avec des pertes colossales engendrées par des comportements critiquables sur lesquels la justice a apporté un éclairage. Les conséquences de cette gestion auraient-elles été identiques si une séparation des pouvoirs avait était mise en place entre une personne agissant et une personne surveillant ?

 

Silence du droit et positions ambiguës

 

Les textes législatifs (lois ou règlements) canadiens, américains ou européens apportent peu de pistes de solution à ce débat. La plupart se montrent en effet silencieux en ce domaine faisant preuve d’une retenue étonnamment rare lorsque la gouvernance d’entreprise est débattue. Dans ses lignes directrices [2], l’OCDE – ainsi que la Coalition canadienne pour une saine gestion des Entreprises dans ses principes de gouvernance d’entreprise [3] – atteste pourtant de l’importance du cloisonnement entre les deux fonctions.

De ce cloisonnement résulte l’indépendance et l’objectivité nécessaires aux décisions prises par le conseil d’administration. Au Canada, le comité Saucier dans son rapport de 2001 et le rapport du Milstein center [4] ont mis en exergue l’importance d’une telle séparation. En comparaison, la France s’est montrée plus discrète et il n’a pas été question de trancher dans son Code de gouvernement d’entreprise des sociétés cotées (même dans sa version amendée de 2013) [5] : ce dernier ne privilégie ainsi ni la séparation ni le cumul des deux fonctions [6].

 

Quelques chiffres révélateurs

 

Les études contemporaines démontrent une nette tendance en faveur de la séparation des deux rôles. Le Canadian Spencer Stuart Board Index [7] estime qu’une majorité de 85 % des 100 plus grandes entreprises canadiennes cotées en bourse ont opté pour la dissociation entre les deux fonctions. Dans le même sens, le rapport Clarkson affiche que 84 % des entreprises inscrites à la bourse de Toronto ont procédé à ladite séparation [8]. Subsistent cependant encore de nos jours des entreprises canadiennes qui  permettent le cumul. L’entreprise Air Transat A.T. Inc en est la parfaite illustration : M. Jean-Marc Eustache est à la fois président du conseil et chef de la direction. A contrario, le fond de solidarité de la Fédération des travailleurs du Québec vient récemment de procéder à la séparation des deux fonctions. Aux États-Unis en 2013, 45 % des entreprises de l’indice S&P500 (au total 221 entreprises) dissocient les rôles de PDG et de président du conseil. Toutefois, les choses ne sont pas aussi simples qu’elles y paraissent : 27 % des entreprises de cet indice ont recombiné ces deux rôles [9]. Évoquons à ce titre le cas de Target Corp dont les actionnaires ont refusé la dissociation des deux fonctions [10].

 

Il faut séparer les fonctions !

 

Pendant longtemps, il a été d’usage au sein des grandes sociétés par actions, que le poste de président du conseil soit de l’apanage du chef de la direction. Selon les partisans du non cumul, fusionner ces deux fonctions revient néanmoins à réunir dans une seule main un trop grand pouvoir et des prérogatives totalement antagonistes, voir même contradictoires. En ce sens, Yvan Allaire [11] souligne qu’il est malsain pour le chef de la direction de présider aussi le conseil d’administration. Rappelons que le CA nomme, destitue, rémunère et procède à l’évaluation du chef de la direction. La séparation des deux fonctions trouve pleinement son sens ici puisqu’elle crée une contre mesure du pouvoir : le président du CA est chargé du contrôle permanent de la gestion, et le directeur général est en situation de subordination par rapport au CA.

Sous ce contrôle, le directeur général ne peut être que plus diligent et prudent dans l’exercice de ses fonctions, puisqu’il doit en rendre compte au CA. Des idées et décisions confrontées et débattues sont de loin plus constructives que des décisions prises de manière unilatérale. N’y a-t-il pas plus d’esprit dans deux têtes que dans une comme le dit le proverbe ? De plus, les partisans du non cumul avancent d’autres arguments. Il en va ainsi de la rémunération de la direction. Le cumul des deux fonctions irait de pair avec la rémunération conséquente. Celui qui endosse les deux fonctions est enclin à prendre des risques qui peuvent mettre en péril les intérêts financiers de la société pour obtenir une performance et un rendement qui justifieraient une forte rémunération. Par ailleurs, le cumul peut entrainer une négligence des deux rôles au profit de l’un ou de l’autre. Aussi, le choix du non cumul s’impose lorsque l’implication de la majorité ou encore, de la totalité des actionnaires ou membres dans la gestion quotidienne de la société, est faible. Cette séparation permet en effet aux actionnaires ou aux membres d’exercer une surveillance adéquate de la direction et de la gestion quotidienne de ladite société [12].

 

Attention à la séparation !

 

Nonobstant les arguments cités plus haut, la séparation des deux fonctions ne représente pas nécessairement une meilleure gestion du conseil d’administration. Les partisans du cumul clament que non seulement l’endossement des deux fonctions par une seule personne unifie les ordres et réduit les couts de l’information, mais que c’est aussi un mécanisme d’incitation pour les nouveaux chefs en cas de transition. Cela se traduit par la facilité de remplacer une seule personne qui détient les deux pouvoirs, à la place de remplacer deux personnes. Par ailleurs, la séparation limiterait l’innovation et diluerait le pouvoir d’un leadership effectif [13] en augmentant la rivalité entre les deux responsables pouvant même aller jusqu’à semer la confusion.

 

Coûts et flexibilité du choix

 

En dépit de la critique classique du cumul des fonctions, les deux types de structures sont potentiellement sources de bénéfices et de coûts, bénéfices et coûts que les entreprises vont peser dans leur choix de structure. Les coûts de la théorie de l’agence impliquent des arrangements institutionnels lorsqu’il y a séparation entre les fonctions de président et de chef de la direction [14]. Ces coûts sont occasionnés par exemple par la surveillance du CA sur le chef de la direction. Il devient plus cher de séparer les deux fonctions que de les unifier.

Cependant, une antithèse présentée par Andrea Ovans [15] soutient qu’au contraire il est plus cher d’unifier les deux fonctions que de les séparer. Comment ? Simplement à travers la rémunération (salaire de base, primes, incitations, avantages, stock-options, et les prestations de retraite). L’imperméabilité entre les deux fonctions qui apparaît comme « la » solution en matière de bonne gouvernance pourrait ne pas l’être pour toutes les entreprises.

Si le cumul des fonctions et les autres mécanismes de surveillance fonctionnement bien, pourquoi faudrait-il prévoir un changement ? De surcroit, le « one size fits all » n’est pas applicable en la matière. Devrait-on prévoir les mêmes règles en termes de séparation pour les grandes et petites entreprises ? Rien n’est moins sûr… Le cumul des fonctions apparaît plus adapté aux entreprises de petite taille : ceci est dû à la fluidité de communication entre les deux responsables et à la faiblesse de la quantité d’informations à traiter [16].


[1] Investors seek to split JP Morgan CEO, Chairman http://www.wfaa.com/news/business/192146051.html, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 12 Juillet 2014.

[2] http://www.oecd.org/fr/gouvernementdentreprise/ae/gouvernancedesentreprisespubliques/34803478.pdf, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 12 juillet 2014. Dans le même sens, voir l’instruction générale 85-201 et le rapport Cadbury en 1992.

[3] CCGG : Principes de gouvernance d’entreprise pour la mise en place de conseils d’administration performants, http://www.ccgg.ca/site/ccgg/assets/pdf/Principes_de_gouvernance.pdf, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 12 juillet 2014

[4] « Split CEO/Chair Roles: The Geteway to Good Governance? », http://www.rotman.utoronto.ca/FacultyAndResearch/ResearchCentres/ClarksonCentreforBoardEffectiveness/CCBEpublications/SplitCEO.aspx, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 18 juillet 2014.

[5] Code de gouvernement d’entreprise des sociétés cotées (révisé en juin 2013), http://www.medef.com/fileadmin/www.medef.fr/documents/AFEP-MEDEF/Code_de_gouvernement_d_entreprise_des_societes_cotees_juin_2013_FR.pdf, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 15 juillet 2014.

[6] L’Union européenne ne s’est pas prononcée sur la séparation des deux fonctions. Voir à ce propos Richard Leblanc.

[7] Canadian Spencer Stuart Board Index 2013, https://www.spencerstuart.com/~/media/Canadian-Board-Index-2013_27Jan2014.pdf, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 12 Juillet 2014 ; p. 19.

[8] Public Submissions on Governance Issues, http://www.powercorporation.com/en/governance/public-submissions-governance-issues/may-12-2014-canada-business-corporations-act/#_ftn12, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 18 juillet 2014.

[9] Spencer Stuart Board Index 2013 (US), https://www.spencerstuart.com/~/media/PDF%20Files/Research%20and%20Insight%20PDFs/SSBI13%20revised%2023DEC2013.pdf, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 25 juillet 2014.

[10] Target shareholders narrowly reject splitting CEO, Chairman posts, http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2014/06/13/target-shareholders-narrowly-reject-splitting-ceo.html, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 18 juillet 2014.

[11] Yvan Allaire, « Un « bon » président du CA ? », http://droit-des-affaires.blogspot.ca/2007/11/un-bon-prsident-du-ca.html, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 23 juillet 2014.

[12] À ce propos, voir André Laurin, « La fonction de président de conseil d’administration », http://www.lavery.ca/upload/pdf/fr/DS_080203f.pdf, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 21 juillet 2014, p. 2.

[13] Aiyesha Dey, Ellen Engel and Xiaohui Gloria Liu, « CEO and Board Chair Roles: to Split or not to Split? », December 16, 2009, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1412827, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 22 juillet 2014.

[14] Idem.

[15] Voir Coûts élevés associés à la combinaison des rôles du président du conseil et du président de la société : https://jacquesgrisegouvernance.com/2014/06/29/couts-eleves-associes-a-la-combinaison-des-roles-du-president-du-conseil-et-du-president-de-la-societe/, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 21 juillet 2014.

[16] Aiyesha Dey, « What JPMorgan Shareholders Should Know About Splitting the CEO and Chair Roles », Research, http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/05/research-what-jpmorgan-shareho/, <en ligne>, date de consultation : 21 juillet 2014.

Que faire quand la confiance entre le conseil et la direction est faible ? | Le cas d’une OBNL en rappel


Voici un cas qui origine du blogue australien de Julie Garland McLellan et qui intéressera certainement tous les membres de conseils d’administration d’OBNL.  J’ai choisi de partager à nouveau ce cas en gouvernance avec vous car je crois qu’il évoque trop souvent les situations vécues par certaines organisations à but non lucratif.

Ce cas présente la situation réelle d’une entreprise dont les liens de confiance entre le C.A. et la direction se sont effrités.

Qu’en pensez-vous ? Que feriez-vous à la place de Jake ?

Quelle analyse vous semble la plus appropriée dans notre contexte ? Que pensez-vous des analyses effectuées par les trois experts ?

« Boards operate best when each director trusts each other director to adhere to the jointly accepted governance processes and policies as well as the relevant laws and regulations. This month our real life case study considers what to do when that trust is lost. Consider: What would you advise a friend to do under these circumstances ? »

 

Que faire quand la confiance est perdue ?

 

Jake is a club chairman. The former chairman resigned after a major disagreement with the rest of the board which arose because the former chairman signed a major contract. When the board discovered what had happened they were furious that a large decision had been made without involving them. The former chairman stormed from the meeting and resigned in writing the following morning.

The Board then acted without a formal chair, directors took turns to chair the meetings, until the next election. During this time the board rewrote the by-laws which previously allowed the chairman to sign contracts after verification by the treasurer that doing so would not lead to insolvency. They adopted new by-laws that stated no director, including – for absence of doubt – the chairman and/or treasurer, could commit the club to any contract, expenditure or course of action unless approved in a duly constituted board meeting.

P1110362

Jake was not previously on the board and was elected unopposed after being invited by the treasurer to stand for election. He is a successful businessman but has no experience with consensual board decision-making. He has now discovered that the club is wallowing because recent decisions have not been made in a timely fashion. His fellow directors are numerous, factionated and indecisive. The CEO has low delegations and the constitution envisages that the chairman, CEO and treasurer should make decisions between meetings and use the board to ratify strategy, engage members and provide oversight. The amended by-laws prevent the constitution from working but don’t provide an alternative workable model.

The board reacted with horror to a suggestion that they soften the new by-laws but don’t appear willing to improve their own performance so the club can operate under the new by-laws. Staff performance reviews and bonuses are soon to be agreed and Jake is fairly certain that his board will not make rational decisions or support the CEO’s recommendations. He knows that he needs to act decisively to avert disaster but doesn’t know where to start.

How can Jake create an environment that allows for effective management of the club before this situation spirals out of control?

En rappel | L’évaluation du CA et des administrateurs : 7 étapes à considérer


Cet article rédigé par Geoffrey KIEL, James BECK et Jacques GRISÉ (1) et paru dans les Documents de travail de la Faculté des sciences de l’administration en 2008, est toujours d’actualité. Il présente un guide pratique des questions clés que les conseils d’administration doivent prendre en considération lorsqu’ils planifient une évaluation.

On met l’accent sur l’utilité d’avoir des évaluations bien menées ainsi que sur les sept étapes à suivre pour des évaluations efficaces d’un conseil d’administration et des administrateurs. Bonne lecture.

SEPT ÉTAPES À SUIVRE POUR DES ÉVALUATIONS EFFICACES D’UN CONSEIL D’ADMINISTRATION ET DES ADMINISTRATEURS

 

Lorsqu’une crise se produit au sein d’une société, comme celles qu’ont connues Nortel et Hollinger International, les intervenants, les médias, les organismes de réglementation et la collectivité se tournent vers le conseil d’administration pour trouver des réponses. Étant donné que ce dernier est le chef décisionnel ultime de la société, il est responsable des actions et du rendement de la société.

Le défi actuel que doivent relever les conseils d’administration consiste à accroître la valeur des organisations qu’ils gouvernent. Grâce à l’évaluation du rendement, les conseils d’administration peuvent s’assurer qu’ils ont les connaissances, les compétences et la capacité de relever ce défi.

Plusieurs guides et normes de pratiques exemplaires reconnaissent cette notion. Ainsi, la Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario indique dans les lignes directrices sur la gouvernance des sociétés (NP 58-201) que « le conseil d’administration, ses comités et chacun de ses administrateurs devraient faire l’objet régulièrement d’une évaluation à l’égard de leur efficacité et de leur contribution ».

L’évaluation du conseil d’administration est trop souvent perçue comme un mal nécessaire – un processus mécanique consistant à cocher des points sur une liste qui, en bout de ligne, a peu de valeur réelle pour le conseil d’administration si ce n’est pour satisfaire aux exigences en matière de conformité. Toutefois… un processus efficace d’évaluation du conseil d’administration peut donner lieu à une transformation.

Une publication du Collège des administrateurs de sociétés (CAS), sous forme de questions et réponses sur la gouvernance, a été conçue à l’intention des administrateurs nommés par le gouvernement du Québec comme membre d’un conseil d’administration d’une société d’État ou d’un organisme gouvernemental. Celle-ci vise à répondre aux questions les plus courantes qu’un administrateur nouvellement nommé peut légitimement se poser en matière de gouvernance. On y indique qu’ « une évaluation faite à intervalles périodiques est essentielle pour assurer le maintien d’une gouvernance efficace » (2).

IMG_00000916Cet article offrira une approche pratique en matière d’évaluations efficaces des conseils d’administration et des administrateurs en appliquant un cadre comportant sept étapes qui pose les questions clés que tous les conseils d’administration devraient prendre en considération lorsqu’ils planifient une évaluation. Même les conseils d’administration efficaces peuvent tirer profit d’une évaluation bien menée.

Comme nous l’avons résumé dans le tableau 1, une évaluation menée adéquatement peut contribuer considérablement à des améliorations du rendement à trois niveaux : organisation, conseil d’administration et administrateur. Selon Lawler et Finegold « les conseils qui évaluent leurs membres et qui s’évaluent ont tendance à être plus efficaces que ceux qui ne le font pas ». Toutefois, il faut souligner que ces avantages ne sont possibles qu’au moyen d’une évaluation du conseil d’administration menée de manière appropriée; si l’évaluation n’est pas faite correctement, cela peut causer de la méfiance parmi les membres du conseil d’administration et entre le conseil lui-même et la direction.

Une publication de l’École d’administration publique du Québec (ENAP), produite en collaboration avec le Collège des administrateurs de sociétés (CAS), présente une section traitant de l’évaluation de la performance du conseil d’administration (3).

Selon les auteurs, « L’évaluation est une composante essentielle d’une saine gouvernance d’entreprise. Elle permet de jeter un regard sur la façon dont les décisions ont été prises et sur la manière d’exercer la gestion des activités de l’organisation et ce, dans une perspective d’amélioration continue… Il incombe au président du conseil d’instaurer une culture d’évaluation du rendement et de la performance. Pour ce faire, il doit veiller à la mise en place d’un processus d’évaluation clair, à l’élaboration de règles et d’outils pertinents, à la définition des responsabilités de chaque intervenant dans le processus d’évaluation, à la diffusion de l’information et à la mise en place des correctifs nécessaires ». Dans cette publication, on présente dix outils détaillés d’évaluations (questionnaires) qui concernent les groupes cibles suivants :

1. l’évaluation du conseil

2. l’évaluation du fonctionnement du conseil

3. l’évaluation du président du conseil

4. l’évaluation d’un membre de conseil

5. l’évaluation du comité de gouvernance et d’éthique

6. l’évaluation du comité de vérification

7. l’évaluation du comité des ressources humaines

8. l’évaluation du fonctionnement d’un comité

9. l’évaluation d’un membre de comité

10. l’évaluation du président d’un comité


(1) Geoffrey Kiel, Ph.D., premier vice-chancelier délégué et doyen de l’École d’administration, University of Notre Dame, Australie, et président de la société Effective Governance Pty Ltd, James Beck, directeur général, Effective Governance Pty Ltd, Jacques Grisé, Ph.D., F.Adm.A., collaborateur spécial du Collège des administrateurs de sociétés (CAS), Faculté des sciences de l’administration, Université Laval, Québec.

(2) Collège des administrateurs de sociétés, Être un administrateur de sociétés d’état : 16 questions et réponses sur la gouvernance, Faculté des sciences de l’administration, Université Laval, 2007.

(3) ENAP, Les devoirs et responsabilités d’un conseil d’administration, Guide de référence, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2007.

L’art d’établir des consensus au conseil d’administration | En rappel


Je vous invite à prendre connaissance de la lettre informative (Newsletter) du mois d’août 2014 de la firme de consultation The Brown Governance intitulée Consensus and Dissent.

Les auteurs traitent de la pratique de la décision par consensus, un sujet vraiment crucial pour la bonne gestion d’un conseil d’administration.

Voici un extrait de cette lettre. Vous pouvez vous inscrire par la recevoir à chaque mois.

Également, sur le site de Brown Governance, vous pourrez visionner une vidéo de David Brown qui explique la mécanique des huis clos afin d’éviter que ceux-ci traînent en longueur.

 Brown Governance

Building Consensus by Addressing the Roots of Dissent

Boards today often strive to make decisions by consensus, which is both healthy and sustainable compared to forced votes; how to build consensus while honouring dissent is the subject of this Brown Governance newsletter.  How Boards deal with dissent is one of the biggest changes in boardroom governance in the past generation – instead of ignoring, discouraging or quashing dissent, high performance boards seek to understand and deal with dissent.  Here we will explore the typical roots of dissent as a tool to help Chairs and Board members to understand, identify and so address dissent more effectively:

  1. Information gap
  2. Knowledge gap
  3. Direction gap
  4. Strategy gap
  5. Political gap
  6. Personal gap

 

What is Consensus anyway?

Consensus does not necessarily mean unanimity.  Consensus means reaching a point that different viewpoints have been listened to, and no one is going to stand in the way of us moving forward.  Everyone “consents” to move forward, not necessarily everyone in agreement with the specific direction. “Consensus” comes from the Latin, “feeling together”.  It may be that everyone is of one accord, or it may be that dissenting views have been dealt with to the satisfaction of the dissenters: consensus means “unity not unanimity”. Consensus decision-making is a group decision-making process that seeks the consent of all participants.

Consensus may be defined professionally as an acceptable resolution, one that can be supported, even if not the « favourite » of each individual. It may seem counter intuitive that two of the most visible trends in modern governance are to strive for decision-making by consensus rather than just a majority vote, and to encourage dissent and divergent views from the one being proposed.

Yet these two potentially conflicting forces can be brought into harmony, by exploring and better understanding the root causes behind the dissenting view, and using the most effective tool to address and deal with each, to bring the dissenter into the consensus. Here is how Board and Committee Chairs and Members can use this in practice during meetings:

Have the proposed solution (e.g. strategy, decision, problem or issue) presented briefly;

Invite Board members to express any additional or different perspectives;

Once these divergent views have been expressed, move on to convergent thinking (consensus building) by exploring the root causes of each divergent view (the Chair may need to “name” or explicitly articulate the divergent view since the stated dissent is often not the underlying cause), and proposing that each be dealt with based on addressing its root, including amending and revising the proposed solution;

Probe and test for consensus: do we have consent to move forward on this path?

Pour une supervision efficace de la fonction audit interne | En rappel


Vous trouverez ci-dessous un document de référence publié par PwC et paru dans la série Audit Committee Excellence. Ce document, partagé par Denis Lefort, CPA, CIA, CRMA, expert-conseil en Gouvernance, audit et contrôle, apporte des réponses très complètes à plusieurs questions que les membres de conseils d’administration se posent eu égard au rôle de la fonction audit interne dans l’organisation.

1. Pourquoi la surveillance de l’audit interne est-elle critique pour les comités d’audit ?

2. Quel est le rôle des administrateurs dans l’optimisation des activités de l’audit interne ?

3. Comment aider l’audit interne à mieux définir sa mission ?

4. Quelles sont les lignes d’autorité et les besoins en ressources de cette activité ?

5. Quel est le processus de révision des résultats de l’audit interne ?

6. Que faire si votre entreprise ne possède pas une fonction d’audit interne ?

Ce document sera donc très utile à tout administrateur soucieux de parfaire ses connaissances sur le rôle très important qu’un service d’audit interne peut jouer.

Voici une introduction au rapport de PwC . Bonne lecture ! Vos commentaires sont les bienvenus.

 

Effective oversight of the internal audit function | PwC

 

The audit committee’s role is not getting any easier, but an audit committee has a lot of resources in its arsenal to help meet today’s high expectations. One of these tools is the internal audit function. Directors can, and should, focus on maximizing the value proposition of this group to ensure their own success.

 

A lot goes on in companies — and a lot can go wrong, even when you have good people and thoughtfully designed processes. That’s why so many audit committees look to internal audit as their eyes and ears — a way to check whether things are working as they should. Some companies staff the function internally, while others choose to outsource some or all of the role. Some do not have an internal audit function at all.

IMG00286-20100629-2027_2

 

For many audit committees, overseeing internal audit isn’t just the right thing to do, it’s a requirement. At NYSE companies, audit committees have to oversee internal audit’s performance and periodically meet in private sessions. NASDAQ is currently considering whether to require its listed companies to have an internal audit function and what role audit committees should play.

 

Whether a required function or not, we believe it’s critical that audit committees focus on internal audit. Why? PwC’s 2014 State of the internal audit profession study found that about one-third of board members believe internal audit adds less than significant value to the company, and only 64% of directors believe internal audit is performing well at delivering expectations. Even Chief Audit Executives (CAEs) are critical of their functions’ performance, with just two-thirds saying it’s performing well.

Le laxisme et la passivité des Boards UK | Qu’en est-il au Canada ?


Vous trouverez, ci-dessous, l’extrait d’un article très pertinent publié par Dina Medland , laquelle couvre le domaine de la gouvernance dans Forbes, qui fait état d’une entrevue conduite avec le professeur de Gouvernance Andrew Kakabadse, de la Henley Business School de Grande-Bretagne.

L’article met le doigt sur le conservatisme (et le traditionalisme) crasse des administrateurs qui siègent sur les conseils d’administration en Grande-Bretagne.

L’attitude de non-intervention de plusieurs administrateurs conduit à un sérieux manque d’innovation dans la gouvernance des entreprises anglaises (UK).

Trouve-t-on le même laxisme et la même résistance aux changements dans nos organisations nord-américaines ?

Personnellement, je ne crois pas que ce soit à la même échelle mais les conseils d’administration souffrent beaucoup du manque de questionnement de leurs membres. Il y a, ici aussi, trop de passivité eu égard aux questions d’orientation de l’entreprise ainsi qu’aux actions de la direction.

Je vous invite donc à lire ce court article et à partager votre point de vue sur la situation qui règne au Canada. Bonne lecture !

There Is A Crying Need For Innovation In Boardrooms

Andrew Kakabadse has built a reputation for sharp, insightful commentary on the boardrooms of publicly listed companies. Professor of Governance and Leadership at Henley Business School since last summer, he has spoken out before now on the declining worth of non-executive directors.

In an interview with me in April 2013, he suggested many non-executive directors in the UK’s boardrooms were ‘of little or no value to the business.’ Particularly scathing about the UK, he said : “We have a culture where we don’t ask questions.”

We also have a boardroom culture in the UK where we believe that “if it has worked fine for hundreds of years, why change it?” It is part and parcel, it seems of a national love of ritual – at which we clearly excel. The world’s love for very British celebrations -often involving members of the Royal family, horses, logistical feats of military planning and discipline and split-second timing- bears testimony to that. But the flip side of that seems to be that innovation is both rare, and resisted.

It is worth noting, therefore, that ICSA, the professional body for company secretaries – who are required for listed companies in the UK – chose Professor Kakabadse to undertake a piece of research on The Company Secretary, with a view to finding a way to progress the value of the role. (Note: for transparency, the software arm of ICSA which provides technology solutions for the boardroom is the commercial sponsor of my blog Board Talk but has no editorial control on input).

“On average, UK boards consist of 9 to 11 members, if whom the majority are over the age of 50. Fewer than half of these board members had had a job description and the chairman is very likely to be white, male and over the age of 60. Barriers to diversity remain firmly set throughout most boardrooms in the country” says the report.

It says the management and governance realities of boards indicate “animosity, a lack of intimacy with strategy, and poor communication” when it comes to top team strategy. Board and executive relations are “non-cohesive” when it comes to “shaping/negotiation of strategy, open interaction and trust.” Board members are described as “out of touch” – with “reality, markets and employees, unclear member role and contribution, productivity of meetings, engagement with the executive.”

……

La place des jeunes sur les conseils d’administration de grandes sociétés : Êtes-vous pour ou contre ?


Vous trouverez, ci-dessous, les coordonnées d’un article d’Alan Mak et Andrew Hill sur le Blogue du FT du 2 juillet 2014. Les auteurs se questionnent sur la place des jeunes (millennials) dans les conseils d’administration du futur.

Vous y découvrirez plusieurs raisons qui militent en faveur de la nomination de jeunes au C.A. (Alan Mak) ainsi que la prise de position d’un auteur qui ne croit pas à la contribution des jeunes sur des C.A., principalement à cause de leur manque d’expérience (Andrew Hill).

Comme vous vous en doutez, je partage entièrement le point de vue d’Allan Mak qui propose l’engagement des jeunes sur les conseils.

La lecture des arguments pour et des arguments contre est intéressante. Qu’en pensez-vous ?

Bonne lecture !

Should under-35s sit on company boards ?

Yes

Alan Mak

Lord Davies in his report “Women on Boards” rightly said the best boards contain “a mix of voices [that] must include women”. It should also include millennials.

Today’s rapidly changing marketplace is more complex than ever and businesses that want to stay competitive, especially in customer-facing sectors, need Generation Y to help them deal with the big trends, from the rise of digitally empowered consumers to the febrile post-financial crisis business environment.

The business case for younger directors is strong. Generation Y, also known as millennials, are aged 18-35 and, at 2bn people, are the world’s biggest demographic group. By 2018 they will have the biggest spending power of any age group, Deloitte says. And three in four millennials say they influence the purchasing decisions of other generations. So, every business needs to understand Generation Y’s behaviour and aspirations, and younger, suitably qualified directors can be their champion in the boardroom.

Meanwhile, better decisions are made when companies draw on the widest possible range of talent regardless of age, and when directors bring to bear the broadest range of experiences, perspectives and lifestyles. In this context, “diversity” must include generational diversity, not just gender diversity. Adding a Generation Y perspective can be a powerful antidote to age-related groupthink. For example, millennials are more likely to take a longer-term approach to risk taking because they have to live with the financial and reputational consequences of failure when older colleagues may not.

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The financial crisis caused an irreversible cultural and structural shift. Corporations from banks to supermarkets are redefining their values and business models to become more accountable and sustainable. As David Jones explains in his book Who Cares Wins, for business, “the new price of doing well is doing good”.

Generation Y instinctively understands this new paradigm, and they are best placed to act as boardroom cultural translators.

Such rapid cultural change is itself largely driven by fast technological and demographic change. Social media have given today’s consumers more information about how companies do business than ever before. Whereas the industrial revolution empowered the corporation, the digital revolution empowered the consumer. As Jones observes, “ … there’s not been another time in history when the youngest people understood the most about what is going on”. Companies that fail to understand this new “good business zeitgeist” find their brands and share price diminished.

Generation Y directors add value by helping their companies to navigate this volatile, Twitter-driven landscape. That is why Starbucks appointed social media expert Clara Shih, then 29, to its main board.

Meanwhile, globalisation has created increasingly complex decision-making environments that require new skills and fresh insights – for example, into emerging markets and new technologies – that were simply not around, or as needed in the past. Every company must now balance Gen X’s experience with Gen Y’s inherently global outlook, digital aptitude and commitment to life-long learning. Putting younger leaders into the boardroom helps that development while sending a wider message that an organisation rewards talent and ambition.

Pessimists may say younger figures lack the industry knowledge or operational experience to step into the boardroom. These qualities can all be developed and naysayers should listen to Peter Cave-Gibbs, former London head of recruiter Heidrick & Struggles: “Board chairmen want outstanding leaders who can help their business succeed in today’s global marketplace. Gen Y talent is highly educated, multilingual, and comfortable with change and technology. They are changing the way business is done: age is just a number in business now.”

. . .

No

Andrew Hill

Boards are changing. The devastating economic and financial crisis has exposed the risk of groupthink in the boardroom and the weaknesses in established corporate governance, as pursued by establishment people, who, let’s face it, are still predominantly “white, male and stale”. Business logic and a simple sense of equity dictate that the gender and ethnic balance in the boardroom should alter. Research increasingly suggests that diverse teams come up with better ideas.

So, if more women and people from ethnic minorities are becoming non-executive directors, for these and other excellent reasons, shouldn’t large companies invite more young people to step up to the board?

No, they shouldn’t, and here’s why.

First, the immediate priority for large companies ought to be to assemble a balanced board with an accumulation of experience that will help supervise the executive team. By definition, younger candidates have less experience.

What ambitious and talented young people know could still be useful to the board and to the company. Millennials may help a consumer products company tailor its offering to younger customers.

While the boardroom dinosaurs are struggling with their iPads, they could help a natural resources company to understand coming risks to its reputation (posed, for example, by social media protests). But these contributions can be sought in better and more efficient ways than by inviting a representative into the boardroom. Smart companies are already tapping social media – the natural heir to focus groups – for a quantitative assessment of youth trends. Phil Clarke, Tesco’s chief executive, has a 20-something staffer in his office, precisely to keep him updated on such trends.

I am as suspicious as anyone of the power of vested interests. When a headhunter recently told me that a boardroom should “not be trying to reflect the demographic” and warned that 20-something non-executives with little corporate experience might “throw in grenades that are inappropriate”, I was almost ready to help them pull the pin.

Boards do need shaking up and young people with proven records of relevant achievement could have what it takes to hold their own in a boardroom packed with company veterans. But these candidates will be few and far between. Youth per se is no qualification.

Second, a bigger priority for boards is to reflect the gender and ethnic mix around them without compromising on experience. I would choose, say, a female executive informed by diverse experiences ahead of a promising younger businessperson with only youth on his or her side.

Finally, if companies want to draw on the energy and inspiration brought by younger people – and they should – they should employ them and promote them to executive roles. It may not have dawned on aspiring Gen Y non-executives, but the board is not the engine of creativity, innovation and strategy at big companies: it is a regulator of the engine, and an important sounding board for ideas brought by the executive team.

Most entrepreneurial young people I know would simply be frustrated by boardroom politics and bluster. Those young managers who feel they should start their non-executive portfolio in their 20s have got their careers back to front: they should be directing their best efforts to founding start-ups, or at least changing the way companies work, not the way they are supervised. If it is revolution they seek, they stand a better chance of pursuing it from the bottom up than from the top down.

Interventions auprès des CA lors des opérations de fusions et acquisitions | Un aperçu


Au début de septembre 2015, j’ai partagé avec vous un article intitulé Role of the Board in M&A d’Alexandra R. Lajoux, responsable du secteur de la gestion des connaissances à la National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) qui portait sur les principaux enjeux relatifs à la gouvernance dans des situations de fusions et acquisitions, lesquelles sont de plus en plus importantes dans le monde des entreprises publiques ou privées.

Johanne Bouchard* qui agit assez régulièrement, à titre d’auteure invitée, sur mon blogue en gouvernance aborde un sujet qui est très négligé dans la littérature en gouvernance : le rôle que doit jouer un conseil d’administration lors des opérations de fusions et acquisitions (F&A) ainsi que les interventions requises pour la mise en œuvre d’un CA efficace, résultant des deux entités. L’article intitulé Advice for Effective Board Mergers, a d’abord été publié en anglais par Johanne Bouchard et Ken Smith.

J’ai œuvré à la réalisation de la version française de cet article qu’elle partage avec nous aujourd’hui. Johanne a une solide expérience d’interventions de consultation auprès de conseils d’administration de sociétés américaines et d’accompagnements auprès de hauts dirigeants de sociétés publiques.

Interventions auprès des CA lors des opérations de fusions et acquisitions


Au début de septembre 2015, j’ai partagé avec vous un article intitulé Role of the Board in M&A d’Alexandra R. Lajoux, responsable du secteur de la gestion des connaissances à la National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) qui portait sur les principaux enjeux relatifs à la gouvernance dans des situations de fusions et acquisitions, lesquelles sont de plus en plus importantes dans le monde des entreprises publiques ou privées.

Johanne Bouchard* qui agit assez régulièrement, à titre d’auteure invitée, sur mon blogue en gouvernance aborde un sujet qui est très négligé dans la littérature en gouvernance : le rôle que doit jouer un conseil d’administration lors des opérations de fusions et acquisitions (F&A) ainsi que les interventions requises pour la mise en œuvre d’un CA efficace, résultant des deux entités. L’article intitulé Advice for Effective Board Mergers, a d’abord été publié en anglais par Johanne Bouchard et Ken Smith.

J’ai œuvré à la réalisation de la version française de cet article qu’elle partage avec nous aujourd’hui. Johanne a une solide expérience d’interventions de consultation auprès de conseils d’administration de sociétés américaines et d’accompagnements auprès de hauts dirigeants de sociétés publiques.

Mise à jour des attentes envers les CA des sociétés cotées


Martin Lipton, associé fondateur de la firme Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, spécialisée dans les cas de fusions et acquisitions ainsi que dans les politiques de gouvernance et les stratégies des entreprises publiques, fait le point sur les rôles et responsabilités des conseils d’administration contemporains.

Les défis posés aux administrateurs sont de plus en plus complexes et, pour l’auteur, il est important de revenir sur les pratiques exemplaires en matière de gouvernance afin d’actualiser ce qui est attendu, aujourd’hui, des conseils d’administration des entreprises publiques.

Il s’agit ici d’une description relativement exhaustive des attentes que les investisseurs institutionnels, les experts de la gouvernance et les firmes conseil en votation, ont à l’égard des CA.

Voici un extrait de la conclusion ainsi qu’un sommaire des attentes.

To meet these expectations, it will be necessary for major public companies  :

(1) to have a sufficient number of directors to staff the requisite standing and special committees and to meet expectations for diversity;

(2) to have directors who have knowledge of, and experience with, the company’s businesses, even if this results in the board having more than one director who is not “independent”;

(3) to have directors who are able to devote sufficient time to preparing for and attending board and committee meetings;

(4) to provide the directors with regular tutorials by internal and external experts as part of expanded director education; and

(5) to maintain a truly collegial relationship among and between the company’s senior executives and the members of the board that enhances the board’s role both as strategic partner and as monitor.

Bonne lecture ! Vos commentaires sont toujours les bienvenus.

 

The Spotlight on Boards

 

The ever evolving challenges facing corporate boards, and especially this year the statements by BlackRock, State Street and Vanguard of what they expect from boards, prompts an updated snapshot of what is expected from the board of directors of a major public company—not just the legal rules, but also the aspirational “best practices” that have come to have almost as much influence on board and company behavior.

Boards are expected to:

Establish the appropriate “Tone at the Top” to actively cultivate a corporate culture that gives high priority to ethical standards, principles of fair dealing, professionalism, integrity, full compliance with legal requirements and ethically sound strategic goals.

roles

Choose the CEO, monitor his or her performance and have a succession plan in case the CEO becomes unavailable or fails to meet performance expectations.

Maintain a close relationship with the CEO and work with management to encourage entrepreneurship, appropriate risk taking, and investment to promote the long-term success of the company (despite the constant pressures for short-term performance) and to navigate the dramatic changes in domestic and world-wide economic, social and political conditions. Approve the company’s annual operating plan and long-term strategy, monitor performance and provide advice to management as a strategic partner.

Develop an understanding of shareholder perspectives on the company and foster long-term relationships with shareholders, as well as deal with the requests of shareholders for meetings to discuss governance, the business portfolio, and operating strategy, and for greater transparency into the board’s practices and priorities. Evaluate the demands of corporate governance activists, make changes that the board believes will improve governance and resist changes that the board believes will not be constructive. Work with management and advisors to review the company’s business and strategy, with a view toward minimizing vulnerability to attacks by activist hedge funds.

Organize the business, and maintain the collegiality, of the board and its committees so that each of the increasingly time-consuming matters that the board and board committees are expected to oversee receive the appropriate attention of the directors.

Plan for and deal with crises, especially crises where the tenure of the CEO is in question, where there has been a major disaster or a risk management crisis, or where hard-earned reputation is threatened by a product failure or a socio-political issue. Many crises are handled less than optimally because management and the board have not been proactive in planning to deal with crises, and because the board cedes control to outside counsel and consultants.

Determine executive compensation to achieve the delicate balance of enabling the company to recruit, retain and incentivize the most talented executives, while also avoiding media and populist criticism of “excessive” compensation and taking into account the implications of the “say-on-pay” vote.

Face the challenge of recruiting and retaining highly qualified directors who are willing to shoulder the escalating work load and time commitment required for board service, while at the same time facing pressure from shareholders and governance advocates to embrace “board refreshment”, including issues of age, length of service, independence, expertise, gender and diversity. Provide compensation for directors that fairly reflects the significantly increased time and energy that they must now spend in serving as board and board committee members.

Evaluate, or arrange for the evaluation of, the board’s performance and the performance of the board committees and each director.

Determine the company’s reasonable risk appetite (financial, safety, cyber, political, reputation, etc.), oversee the implementation by management of state-of-the-art standards for managing risk, monitor the management of those risks within the parameters of the company’s risk appetite and seek to ensure that necessary steps are taken to foster a culture of risk-aware and risk-adjusted decision-making throughout the organization.

Oversee the implementation by management of state-of-the-art standards for compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, monitor compliance and respond appropriately to “red flags.”

Take center stage whenever there is a proposed transaction that creates a real or perceived conflict between the interests of stockholders and those of management, including takeovers and attacks by activist hedge funds focused on the CEO.

Recognize that shareholder litigation against the company and its directors is part of modern corporate life and should not deter the board from approving a significant acquisition or other material transaction, or rejecting a merger proposal or a hostile takeover bid, all of which is within the business judgment of the board.

Set high standards of social responsibility for the company, including human rights, and monitor performance and compliance with those standards.

Oversee relations with government, community and other constituents.

Review corporate governance guidelines and committee charters and tailor them to promote effective board functioning.


*Martin Lipton is a founding partner of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, specializing in mergers and acquisitions and matters affecting corporate policy and strategy. This post is based on a Wachtell Lipton memorandum by Mr. Lipton and Sabastian V. Niles. Mr. Niles is counsel at Wachtell Lipton specializing in rapid response shareholder activism and preparedness, takeover defense, corporate governance, and M&A.

Deux livres phares sur la gouvernance d’entreprise


On me demande souvent de proposer un livre qui fait le tour de la question eu égard à ce qui est connu comme statistiquement valide sur les relations entre la gouvernance et le succès des organisations (i.e. la performance financière !)

Le volume publié par David F. Larcker et Brian Tayan, professeurs au Graduate School de l’Université Stanford, en est à sa deuxième édition et il donne l’heure juste sur l’efficacité des principes de gouvernance.

Je vous recommande donc vivement ce volume.

Également, je profite de l’occasion pour vous indiquer que je viens de recevoir la dernière version  des Principes de gouvernance d’entreprise du G20 et de l’OCDE en français et j’ai suggéré au Collège des administrateurs de sociétés (CAS) d’inclure cette publication dans la section Nouveauté du site du CAS.

Il s’agit d’une publication très attendue dans le monde de la gouvernance. La documentation des organismes internationaux est toujours d’abord publiée en anglais. Ce document en français de l’OCDE sur les principes de gouvernance est la bienvenue !

Voici une brève présentation du volume de Larcker. Bonne lecture !

This is the most comprehensive and up-to-date reference for implementing and sustaining superior corporate governance. Stanford corporate governance experts David Larcker and Bryan Tayan carefully synthesize current academic and professional research, summarizing what is known and unknown, and where the evidence remains inconclusive.

Corporate Governance Matters, Second Edition reviews the field’s newest research on issues including compensation, CEO labor markets, board structure, succession, risk, international governance, reporting, audit, institutional and activist investors, governance ratings, and much more. Larcker and Tayan offer models and frameworks demonstrating how the components of governance fit together, with updated examples and scenarios illustrating key points. Throughout, their balanced approach is focused strictly on two goals: to “get the story straight,” and to provide useful tools for making better, more informed decisions.

Book cover: Corporate Governance Matters, 2nd edition

This edition presents new or expanded coverage of key issues ranging from risk management and shareholder activism to alternative corporate governance structures. It also adds new examples, scenarios, and classroom elements, making this text even more useful in academic settings. For all directors, business leaders, public policymakers, investors, stakeholders, and MBA faculty and students concerned with effective corporate governance.

Selected Editorial Reviews

An outstanding work of unique breadth and depth providing practical advice supported by detailed research.
Alan Crain, Jr., Senior Vice President and General Counsel, Baker Hughes
Extensively researched, with highly relevant insights, this book serves as an ideal and practical reference for corporate executives and students of business administration.
Narayana N.R. Murthy, Infosys Technologies
Corporate Governance Matters is a comprehensive, objective, and insightful analysis of academic and professional research on corporate governance.
Professor Katherine Schipper, Duke University, and former member of the Financial Accounting Standards Board

Proposition d’une nouvelle approche à la gouvernance | IoD – GB


Vous trouverez, ci-dessous, un article de l’Institut de la gouvernance du Royaume-Uni (IoD) qui présente un document intitulé « The Great Governance Debate: Towards a good governance index for listed companies » dans lequel les auteurs décrivent une approche nouvelle à l’évaluation de la saine gouvernance.

Le document se distingue par la conception d’un modèle de prévision de la gouvernance, basé sur une multitude de facteurs explicatifs, et d’indices de performance.

Je vous invite à prendre connaissance du rapport de l’IoD.

Bonne lecture.

IoD calls on businesses and regulators to take a fresh approach to corporate governance

 

In a new report published today, the leading business organisation hopes its report will kickstart the debate about how to define good governance – and recognise those companies that do it best.

The Great Governance Debate: Towards a good governance index for listed companies, launched at the IoD this morning, sets out a new framework for assessing corporate governance, moving away from a focus on compliance and towards a more complex measurement which combines public perceptions with a range of objective factors.

The IoD launches a good corporate governance report titled The Great Governance Debate: Towards a good governance index for listed companies
Téléchargez le rapport complet

Launching the report, Ken Olisa, chairman of the advisory panel for the report, warned that the current system doesn’t fully address what corporate governance is truly about.

“No one factor dictates whether a company is well run,” Olisa said. “It is simply not correct for a company to say that because they have ticked certain boxes, they show good governance.

“Now is the time for some bold thinking on how we define and measure governance, including the recognition that it is essentially an organic process involving the interaction of groups of people.”

The new report is the first stage in a move towards creating a comprehensive Good Governance Index which ranks individual companies on their corporate governance, taking into account factors beyond just compliance and looking at a company’s wider corporate behaviour and culture.

Simon Walker, director general of the IoD, said that the new framework “challenges previous ways of measuring the governance of big companies, and kicks off a new debate on how firms can improve their transparency, accountability and performance.”

On Tuesday, Director.co.uk will provide updates and video from the official launch at the IoD’s central London headquarters at 116 Pall Mall of The Great Governance Debate: Towards a good governance index for listed companies. Keep an eye on the website and our Twitter feed @DirectorIoD for updates.

Download the full report now

 

Gestion des risques informatiques en rappel | Les administrateurs doivent poser les bonnes questions !


Voici le résumé d’un article paru dans le Wall Street Journal le 21 juillet 2015, basé sur un billet de NACD In The News*.

Les administrateurs doivent être au fait de la situation de l’entreprise eu égard à la sécurité informatique. Cependant, la plupart des administrateurs ne savent pas trop comment s’y prendre pour s’assurer qu’ils s’acquittent de leurs responsabilités.

L’article propose six questions que les administrateurs devraient poser à l’équipe de la sécurité informatique de l’entreprise afin de mieux saisir la problématique de la sécurité cyber informatique.

Ces questions ne couvrent certainement pas tous les angles mais elles ont l’avantage de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance, partagée par tous les administrateurs.

Les questions suggérées sont vraiment percutantes :

What was our most significant cybersecurity incident in the past quarter? What was our response?

What was our most significant near miss? How was it discovered?

How is the performance of the security team evaluated?

Do you have relationships with law enforcement, such as the FBI and Interpol?

Do you work with business leaders on due diligence of acquisition targets? With supply chain leaders on security protocols of vendors and other partners?

What process is in place to ensure you can escalate serious issues and provide prompt, full disclosure of cybersecurity deficiencies?

               * Source: National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD)

Bonne lecture !

Cybersecurity: Boards Must Ask Sharper, Smarter Questions

Boards are trying to build more productive, transparent relationships with cybersecurity chiefs to decrease the risk of attack. But directors can by stymied by a lack of basic security knowledge.

New guidance from the National Association of Corporate Directors suggests asking more searching questions of chief information security officers, including how they measure their teams and technology and whether they have ongoing contacts with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other law enforcement bodies that investigate attacks.

Former Thomson Reuters CEO Tom Glocer chairs Morgan Stanley’s technology committee. Philippe Lopez/AFP/Getty Images

The most common question directors ask of CISOs is whether their company is vulnerable to breaches similar to those at Target Corp.Anthem Inc. and the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, said Phil Ferraro, a former CISO at Las Vegas Sands Corp. who now consults with boards. But that approach is simplistic, he said. “Directors don’t understand that no security is ever perfect.”

More productive are conversations about how to decrease the risk of attack and the process for managing one when it occurs, Mr. Ferraro said. For example, the NACD suggests boards continuously ask about the most significant cybersecurity incident in the prior quarter and how the security team handled it, so that the discussion may lead to better practices.

Key Questions Directors Must Ask Cybersecurity Chiefs

  1. What was our most significant cybersecurity incident in the past quarter? What was our response?
  2. What was our most significant near miss? How was it discovered?
  3. How is the performance of the security team evaluated?
  4. Do you have relationships with law enforcement, such as the FBI and Interpol?
  5. Do you work with business leaders on due diligence of acquisition targets? With supply chain leaders on security protocols of vendors and other partners?
  6. What process is in place to ensure you can escalate serious issues and provide prompt, full disclosure of cybersecurity deficiencies?

Still, there is no single set of questions directors can ask to uncover all cybersecurity weak spots, said Tom Glocer, a director at Morgan Stanley and Merck & Co. Inc., and the former CEO of Thomson Reuters Corp.

“My experience is that the horribly dangerous cyber threats are the ones you don’t even know about,” said Mr. Glocer, who chairs Morgan Stanley’s board-level technology committee.

But directors should engage CISOs in continuous discussion to let management know that the board “cares and is watching,” he said. Security is a regular agenda item at Morgan Stanley board meetings, discussed boardwide and in the risk and technology committees. Morgan Stanley is one of just 15 of the Fortune 100 with a formal technology committee at the board level.

At boards less versed in technology and cybersecurity, CISOs must often first educate directors about the range of potential security problems because many members “simply don’t know,” Mr. Ferraro said.

Just 11% of board members across industries say they have a “high level” of knowledge about the topic, according to a recent NACD survey of 1,034 directors.

An important check is for CISOs to talk with board members about developing a process to ensure they can escalate serious issues and provide prompt, full disclosure of cybersecurity deficiencies, the NACD advised. “That’s something boards have got to pay attention to, because they’re on the line as much as management when something bad happens,”  Mr. Ferraro said.

LE RÔLE DU PRÉSIDENT DU CONSEIL D’ADMINISTRATION (PCA) DES CÉGEP


Nous publions ici le troisième article de Danielle Malboeuf* qui nous avait déjà soumis ses réflexions sur les grands enjeux de la gouvernance des institutions d’enseignement collégiaux les 23 et 27 novembre 2013, à titre d’auteure invitée.

Dans un premier article, publié le 23 novembre 2013 sur ce blogue, on insistait sur l’importance, pour les C.A. des Cégep, de se donner des moyens pour assurer la présence d’administrateurs compétents dont le profil correspond à celui recherché.

D’où les propositions adressées à la Fédération des cégeps et aux C.A. pour élaborer un profil de compétences et pour faire appel à la Banque d’administrateurs certifiés du Collège des administrateurs de sociétés (CAS), le cas échéant. Un autre enjeu identifié dans ce billet concernait la remise en question de l’indépendance des administrateurs internes.

Le deuxième article publié le 27 novembre 2013 abordait l’enjeu entourant l’exercice de la démocratie par différentes instances au moment du dépôt d’avis au conseil d’administration.

Ce troisième article, reproduit ici avec la permission de l’auteure, porte sur l’efficacité du rôle du président du conseil d’administration (PCA).

Voici donc l’article en question. Vos commentaires sont appréciés. Bonne lecture.

________________________________________

LE RÔLE DU PRÉSIDENT DU CONSEIL D’ADMINISTRATION (PCA) | LE CAS DES INSTITUTIONS D’ENSEIGNEMENT COLLÉGIAL 

par Danielle Malboeuf*  

Le réseau des Collèges d’enseignement général et professionnel (Cégep) doit se préoccuper du rôle assumé par le président ou la présidente du conseil d’administration (C.A.) car cette personne est appelée à jouer un rôle central d’animation et de coordination des activités du conseil. Mais qu’en est-il dans les faits ?

femmes-conseils-administration

La Loi sur les Cégep encadre le rôle du PCA ainsi : « le président du conseil préside les réunions du conseil et assume les autres fonctions que le conseil lui assigne par règlement. » [i]

Présentement, les présidents de C.A. pourraient être tentés de se limiter à jouer un rôle d’animateur de réunions. Heureusement, certains s’engagent déjà dans de nouvelles pratiques pour améliorer la gouvernance de ces institutions. Ils s’inspirent des approches préconisées par le Collège des administrateurs de sociétés (CAS), par l’Institut sur la gouvernance des organismes privés et publics (IGOPP), et celles inscrites dans la Loi sur la gouvernance des sociétés d’état.

À ce sujet, monsieur Yvan Allaire, président de l’IGOPP, dans un article publié dans le Devoir le 6 décembre dernier, « Des conseils d’administration défaillants? Crise de gouvernance dans le secteur public » encourage nos institutions publiques à adopter des principes de saine gouvernance comme ceux imposés aux sociétés d’État et à exiger leur mise en place dans toutes les instances de l’État québécois.

Rappelons que la finalité recherchée dans la mise en place d’une meilleure gouvernance est de permettre aux C.A. de participer activement à la mission première d’une institution d’enseignement qui est celle de donner une formation pertinente et de qualité où l’étudiant et sa réussite éducative sont au cœur des préoccupations. À cet égard, le C.A. s’assure entre autres que les objectifs sont clairs et que les stratégies sont pertinentes. Il se donne également les moyens pour faire le suivi des activités et des résultats.

Parmi les principes à mettre en place, on retient le profil de compétences recherché chez un président de C.A.. On exige de cette personne d’être expérimentée, aux états de service éprouvés, dotée d’un bon leadership [ii]. En présence de ce type de personnes, on assiste à une évolution de leur rôle. En plus d’assurer le bon fonctionnement du C.A., cette personne relève un défi majeur, celui de faire connaître auprès de toutes les instances du milieu, le mandat confié au C.A. et ainsi, contribuer à la légitimité de cette entité de gouvernance. Puis, afin de faire jouer au C.A. son rôle de surveillance et d’être un contributeur important à la création de valeur de l’institution, le PCA anime et coordonne le travail des administrateurs et ce, en mettant à contribution leurs compétences. En sus du comité d’audit, il doit encourager la création d’un comité de gouvernance et d’un comité de ressources humaines car cela lui permet de mettre à contribution ces compétences et de s’appuyer sur les travaux de ces comités pour améliorer la gouvernance. Finalement, cette personne inscrit ses actions sous la forme de soutien et de conseil auprès de la directrice ou du directeur général sans faire ombrage à son autorité.

Pour assurer une gouvernance efficiente et stratégique, il est donc impératif que les présidentes et présidents de C.A. s’inscrivent dans la mise en place des grands principes de gouvernance et ce, avec l’appui des directions. La Fédération des Cégeps joue un rôle majeur dans cette démarche en fournissant aux présidents de C.A., le soutien, la formation et les outils appropriés.

Par ailleurs, considérant le niveau de compétences attendues, l’accroissement de leurs responsabilités qui exigera plus de disponibilités et de temps et l’évaluation qui sera faite de leur travail, il serait normal de considérer la rémunération de ces personnes. Les présidents de certaines sociétés d’état ont déjà accès à une telle rémunération.


[i] Loi sur les collèges d’enseignement général et professionnel, article 14.

[ii] Yvan Allaire, président de l’IGOPP

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*Danielle Malboeuf est consultante et formatrice en gouvernance; elle possède une grande expérience dans la gestion des CEGEP et dans la gouvernance des institutions d’enseignement collégial et universitaire. Elle est CGA-CPA, MBA, ASC, Gestionnaire et administratrice retraité du réseau collégial et consultante.

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Articles sur la gouvernance des CEGEP :

(1) Les grands enjeux de la gouvernance des institutions d’enseignement collégiaux

(2) L’exercice de la démocratie dans la gouvernance des institutions d’enseignement collégiaux

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Le rôle du comité exécutif versus le rôle du conseil d’administration | En rappel


Voici une discussion très intéressante paru sur le groupe de discussion LinkedIn Board of Directors Society, et initiée par Jean-François Denaultconcernant la nécessité de faire appel à un comité exécutif.

Je vous invite à lire les commentaires présentés sur le fil de discussion du groupe afin de vous former une opinion.

Personnellement, je crois que le comité exécutif est beaucoup trop souvent impliqué dans des activités de nature managériale.

Dans plusieurs cas, le CA pourrait s’en passer et reprendre l’initiative !

Qu’en pensez-vous ?

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La situation exposée par  est la suivante (en anglais) :

I’m looking for feedback for a situation I encountered.
I am a board member for a non-profit. Some of us learned of an issue, and we brought it up at the last meeting for an update.IMG_20141013_145537
We were told that it was being handled by the Executive Committee, and would not be brought up in board meetings.
It is my understanding that the executive committee’s role is not to take issues upon themselves, but to act in interim of board meetings. It should not be discussing issues independently from the board.
Am I correct in thinking this? Should all issues be brought up to the board, or can the executive committee handle situations that it qualifies as « sensitive »?

 

The Role of the Executive Committee versus the main board of directors

Alan Kershaw

Chair of Regulatory Board

Depends whether it’s an operational matter I guess – e.g. a staffing issue below CEO/Director level. If it’s a matter of policy or strategy, or impacts on them, then the Board is entitled to be kept informed, surely, and to consider the matter itself. 

 

John Dinner

John T,  Dinner Board Governance Services

Helping boards improve their performance and contributionI’ll respond a bit more broadly, Jean-François. While I am not opposed to the use of executive committees, a red flag often goes up when I conduct a governance review for clients and review their EC mandate and practices. There is a slippery slope where such committees find themselves assuming more accountability for the board’s work over time. Two classes of directors often form unintentionally as a result. Your situation is an example where the executive committee has usurped the board’s final authority. While I don’t recommend one approach, my inclination is to suggest that boards try to function without an executive committee because of the frequency that situations similar to the one you describe arise at boards where such committees play an active role. There are pros and cons, of course, for having these committees, but I believe the associated risk often warrants reconsideration of their real value and need.

 

Chuck Molina

Chief Technology Officer at DHI

I currently sit on the EC and have been in that role with other boards. Although I can see the EC working on projects as a subset of the board we Always go back to the full board and disclose those projects and will take items to the full board for approval. The board as a whole is accountable for decisions! There has to be transparency on the board! I found this article for you. http://www.help4nonprofits.com/BrainTeaser/BrainTeaser-Role_of_Executive_Committee.htm , which concurs to John’s comment. If used correctly the EC or a subset of the board can work on board issues more efficiently then venting through the full board, but they should always go back to the Full board for consideration or approval.  

 

Dave Chapman

CHM and CEO of NorthPoint ERM

I have experienced couple of EB’s and unless the company is in deep financial or legal trouble for the most part the took away from the main board and in the whole worked ok but not great. If the board has over 10 to 15 board members it is almost a requirement but the board them is there for optics more than or effective and efficient decision making

Experienced CEO & Board member of Domestic and European companies.

I think Mr. Dinner, Mr. Molina, and Mr. Chapman summed it up beautifully:
– You cannot have two classes of Directors
– You have to have transparency and every Board member is entitled to the same information
– A Board of 10-15 members is inefficient and may need committees, but that does not change the fact that all Board members are entitled to have input into anything that the Board decides as a body.
– An Executive Committee is a sub-committee of the entire Board, not an independent body with extraordinary powers.

 

Al Errington

Entrepreneur & Governance Advocate

I agree with John, executive committees tend to be a slippery slope to bad governance. The board of directors has the responsibility of direction and oversight of the business or organization. If anything goes substantially wrong, the board of directors will also be accountable, legally. The rules of thumb for any and all committees is
– Committees must always be accountable to the board of directors, not the other way around.
– Committees must always have limits defined by the board of directors on authority and responsibility, and should have limits on duration.
– Committees should always have a specific reason to exist and that reason should be to support the board of directors in addressing it’s responsibilities. 

 

Emerson Galfo

Consulting CFO/COO / Board Member/Advisor

Judging from the responses, we need to clearly define the context of what an Executive Committee is. Every organization can have it’s own function/view of what an Executive Committee is.

From my experience, an Executive Committee is under the CEO and reflects a group of trusted C-level executives that influence his decisions. I have had NO experience with Executive Boards other than the usual specific Board Committees dealing with specific realms of the organization.

So coming from this perspective, the Executive Committee is two steps down from the organizational pecking order and should be treated or viewed in that context.. 

 

Terry Tormey

President & CEO at Prevention Pharmaceuticals Inc.

I concur with Mr. James Clouser (above).
They should be avoided except in matters involving a performance question regarding C-Level Executive Board member, where a replacement may be sought.

 

John Baily

Board of Directors at RLI Corp

James hit the nail on the head. Executive committees are a throwback to times when we didn’t have the communication tools we do now. They no longer have a reason for their existence. All directors, weather on a not for profit or a corporate board have equal responsibilities and legal exposures. There is no room or reason for a board within a board in today’s world.

 

Chinyere Nze

Chief Executive Officer

My experience is; Board members have the last say in all policy issues- especially when it concerns operational matter. But in this case, where there is Executive Committee, what it sounds like is that, the organization in question has not clearly identified, nor delineated the roles of each body- which seem to have brought up the issue of ‘conflict’ in final decision- making. Often Executive Committees are created to act as a buffer or interim to the Board, this may sometime cause some over-lapping in executive decision-making.

My suggestion is for the organization to assess and evaluate its current hierarchy- clearly identify & define roles-benefits for creating and having both bodies, and how specific policies/ protocol would benefit the organization. In other words, the CEO needs to define the goals or benefits of having just a Board or having both bodies, and to avoid role conflict or over-lap, which may lead to confusion, as it seems to have been the case here. 

 

STEPHEN KOSMALSKI

CEO / PRESIDENT/BOARD OF DIRECTORS /PRIVATE EQUITY OPERATING PARTNER known for returning growth to stagnant businesses

The critical consideration for all board members is ‘ fiduciary accountability’ of all bod members. With that exposure , all bod members should be aware of key issues . 

 

Thomas Brattle « Toby » Gannett

President and CEO at BCR Managment

I think for large organizations, that executive committees still have an important role as many board members have a great deal going on and operational matters may come up from time to time that need to be handled in a judicial manner. While I think that the Executive committee has an important, at times critical role for a BOD, it is also critical that trust is built between the executive Committee and the BOD. This is only done when the executive committee is transparent, and pushes as many decisions that it can to the full board. If the committee does not have time to bring a matter to the full BOD, then they must convey to the BOD the circumstances why and reasoning for their decision. It is the executive committees responsibility to build that trust with the BOD and work hard to maintain it. All strategic decisions must be made by the full BOD. It sounds like you either have a communication failure, governance issue, or need work with your policies and procedures or a combination of issues.